| Title (Chinese) | Era | Notes | Digital Status | |----------------|-----|-------|----------------| | 增删卜易 (Zeng Shan Bu Yi) | Qing, 1690 | Most practical case studies | Full PDF (image) available via Chinese university libraries | | 卜筮正宗 (Bu Shi Zheng Zong) | Qing, 1709 | Systematic rules for Yong Shen | Poor OCR; high-quality scan exists | | 易隐 (Yi Yin) | Ming/Qing | Advanced Liu Yao with astrology | Rare; partial PDF only | | 火珠林 (Huo Zhu Lin) | Tang/Song | Earliest Liu Yao proto-text | Reconstructed PDF (modern typeset) |

Author: Academic Archives Division Publication Date: 2024 Subject: Chinese Metaphysics, Digital Humanities, I Ching Studies Abstract Liu Yao (六爻), or the "Six Lines" method of divination derived from the I Ching (Yijing), is a complex system of cosmological prediction. Despite its historical prominence, modern access to authoritative texts has been fragmented. This paper examines the core principles of Liu Yao , the challenge of source authenticity, and the role of PDF as a medium for preservation and dissemination. We argue that while PDFs provide stable access to rare manuals (e.g., 卜筮正宗 , 增删卜易 ), the lack of standardized digital formats hinders scholarly analysis. 1. Introduction The I Ching (Book of Changes) serves as the foundation for numerous divinatory systems. Among these, Liu Yao —named for the six stacked lines of a hexagram—is unique in its integration of lunar calendar dates, celestial stems, and the "Nayin" (纳音) element system. Unlike the simpler Mei Hua Yi Shu (Plum Blossom Numerology), Liu Yao requires rigorous calculation of "Sheng Ke" (generation and restriction) between the "Yong Shen" (representative spirit) and "Ji Shen" (hostile spirit).