System Analysis Lecture Notes Ppt - Power

Base quantities: ( S_base ) (3-phase MVA), ( V_base ) (line-to-line kV).

Derived bases: [ I_base = \fracS_base\sqrt3 V_base, \quad Z_base = \frac(V_base)^2S_base ]

Critical clearing angle ( \delta_c ) increases with higher inertia, faster fault clearing. 8. Conclusion & Summary Tables (PPT Final Module) Key formulas card:

Convert a 10% transformer reactance from 20 MVA, 132 kV to 100 MVA, 132 kV → ( Z_pu,new = 0.1 \times (1)^2 \times (100/20) = 0.5 ) pu. 3. Transmission Line Parameters (PPT Module 3) Resistance: ( R = \rho \fraclA ) (corrected for skin effect at 50/60 Hz). power system analysis lecture notes ppt

| Fault type | Connection at fault point | |------------|---------------------------| | Single line-to-ground (SLG) | Z1, Z2, Z0 in series | | Line-to-line (L-L) | Z1, Z2 in parallel | | Double line-to-ground (DLG) | Z1 in series with (Z2∥Z0) |

Slide 1: Title – Load Flow Analysis Slide 2: Bus types (Slack, PV, PQ) Slide 3: Y-bus formation example (3-bus system) Slide 4: Newton-Raphson algorithm flowchart Slide 5: Convergence criteria (|ΔP|,|ΔQ| < 0.001) Slide 6: Class exercise – 4-bus system Slide 7: Solution & interpretation (voltage profile)

[ I_a1 = \fracV_fZ_1 + Z_2 + Z_0 + 3Z_f ] [ I_f = 3I_a1 ] Base quantities: ( S_base ) (3-phase MVA), (

| Concept | Formula | |---------|---------| | Base impedance | ( Z_base = V_base^2 / S_base ) | | Y-bus element | ( Y_ik = -y_ik ) (off-diag) | | Newton-Raphson | ( \beginbmatrix \Delta P \ \Delta Q \endbmatrix = J \beginbmatrix \Delta \delta \ \Delta |V| \endbmatrix ) | | Sym. fault current | ( I_f = V_th / (Z_th+Z_f) ) | | SLG fault | ( I_f = 3V_f / (Z_1+Z_2+Z_0) ) | | Swing equation | ( (2H/\omega_s) d^2\delta/dt^2 = P_m - P_e ) |

[ L = 2\times 10^-7 \ln \left( \fracDr' \right) \ \textH/m ] where ( r' = r \cdot e^-1/4 ) (geometric mean radius, GMR).

Zero-sequence current cannot flow if transformer delta or ungrounded wye on source side. 7. Power System Stability (PPT Module 7) Definition: Ability to return to synchronous operation after a disturbance. Conclusion & Summary Tables (PPT Final Module) Key

[ Z_pu,new = Z_pu,old \times \left( \fracV_base,oldV_base,new \right)^2 \times \left( \fracS_base,newS_base,old \right) ]

[ C = \frac2\pi \epsilon_0\ln(D/r) \ \textF/m ]