Paper Production And Recycling Ielts Listening -

The fifth stage is , where the recovered fibres are beaten to swell and roughen them, improving their ability to bond. Finally, stage six: paper making , where the cleaned pulp is diluted, spread onto a wire mesh screen to drain water, pressed between rollers, and then heated to dry.

In contrast, , most commonly the Kraft process, uses a cocktail of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide to dissolve the lignin that binds the cellulose fibres together. This produces stronger, higher-quality paper. However, it recovers only about 50% of the wood’s mass, and it requires substantial energy and chemical recovery systems. A single large mill can consume up to 500,000 tonnes of wood annually. paper production and recycling ielts listening

Now, let’s shift to , which currently supplies around 40% of the world’s paper fibres. The process is far less energy-intensive. Recycling one tonne of paper saves approximately 4,100 kilowatt-hours of electricity – enough to power the average home for six months. The fifth stage is , where the recovered

However, fibres cannot be recycled indefinitely. Each cycle shortens and weakens the cellulose chains. On average, a paper fibre can be reused between before it becomes too short to form a coherent sheet. At that point, the residue is often converted into lower-grade products like egg cartons or tissue paper, or used as a source of biofuel. This produces stronger, higher-quality paper

Let’s begin with . The raw material is, of course, wood. Softwood species like pine and spruce are preferred because of their long cellulose fibres, which produce strong paper. The process starts with debarking and chipping the logs. These chips are then subjected to either a mechanical or chemical pulping process.